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 American Communists and Radicals Executed by Soviet Political Police

 and Buried at Sandarmokh

 

 A list of the names, biographical data, and dates of execution of 141 Finnish Americans executed and buried in a secret KGB mass grave at Sandarmokh in the Karelian Republic of the Russian Federation. Fourteen victims were American citizens by birth. It is unknown how many of the others, who immigrated to the United States early in the twentieth century, were naturalized American citizens at the time of their move from the United States to the Soviet Union in the early 1930s.

 

This list is printed as an appendix to John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr’s In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage.  It is based on the late Mayme Sevander’s research in archives in Petrozavodsk, Russia, and we are grateful to her for generously sharing her research. We also wish to acknowledge our gratitude to Jukka Pietilainen and Carl Ross for their assistance in translating a similar list from the Finnish language journal Carelia (issues 2-9, 1998) published in Petrozavodsk. The names in KGB archives are in Russian and follow Russian naming conventions which include patronymics. The latter, however, were not customary among North American Finns. To preserve the authenticity of KGB documents the Russian patronymics have been preserved, while the Finnish/English spelling is given in parentheses. Russian patronymics have double markers: OVA/EVA, indicating the possessive case; and ICH -- masculine, NA -- feminine. Thus, Ivanovich -- son of Ivan; Ivanovna -- daughter of Ivan. In addition to KGB and other archival records, Sevander made use of Yuri Dmitriev, Mesto Rasstrela Sandarmokh [Sandarmokh Is Where They Were Executed] (Petrozavodsk [Russia], 1999); Eila Lahti-Argutina, Olimme Joukko Vieras Vaan [We Were Just a Bunch of Strangers] (Turku [Finland]: Siirtolaisuusinstituutti, 2001); and Mayme Sevander, Vaeltajat [Wanderers]

 

Aaltio, Toimi Kallevich born 1913, Red Granite, Wisconsin; emigrated from the USA in 1931; driver, Vilga machine station; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Bjorklund, Adolf Leanderovich born 1878, Finland; emigrated from Wisconsin in 1932; logger; executed 22 April 1938.

 

Bjorn, Eino Antonovich born 1912, Angora, Minnesota; emigrated from the USA in 1932; driver, mechanic, Vilga machine station; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Corgan, Oskar Fredrik Karlovitsh born 1887, Sweden; emigrated from the USA in 1934; book shop director; executed 9 January 1938. [CPUSA Finish-American activist and former director of the Soviet Karelian Technical Aid Committee that organized the emigration of North American Finnish Communists to Soviet Karelia.] 

 

Ekholm, Arvid Oskarovich born 1908, Finland; emigrated from Baltimore, Maryland, in 1931; driver; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Elo, Johan Gustavovich born 1889, Finland; emigrated from Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1931; blacksmith; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Erkkilä, Eino Fridrihovich born 1908, Finland; emigrated from Detroit, Michigan, in 1932; blacksmith; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Ernest, Kalle Oskarovich born 1895, Finland; emigrated from Sebeka, Minnesota, in 1931; logger; executed 22 April 1938.

 

Eskola, Samuel Ivanovich (Juho) born 1882, Finland; emigrated from Massachusetts in 1931; driver; executed 28 December 1937.

 

Eskolin, August Einar Augustovich born 1894, Finland; emigrated from Brooklyn, New York, in 1931; motor operator; executed 28 April 1938.

 

Filpus, Elvira Karlovna born 1888, Finland; emigrated from Detroit, Michigan, in 1933; housewife; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Filpus, Niilo Ollivich born 1880, Finland; emigrated from Detroit, Michigan, in 1933; metal worker at Lososina car depot; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Finberg, Väinö Karlovich born 1892, Finland; emigrated from Superior, Wisconsin, in 1931; journalist; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Fors, Antti Matvejevich (Matti) born 1878, Finland; emigrated from the USA in the late 1920s; carpenter; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Goldberg, Juho Ivanovich (Juho) born 1891, Finland; emigrated from Astoria, Oregon, in 1931; carpenter; executed 8 May 1938.

 

Grandel (Ruohisto), Toivo Viktorovich born 1898, Finland; emigrated from Detroit, Michigan, in 1933; metal worker; executed 9 January 1938.

 

Hakkarainen, August Olavich (Olavi) born 1901, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; carpenter; executed 28 December 1937.

 

Halonen, Vaino Fridanovich (Fritjof) Oskarovich born 1891, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1924; metal worker, timber floating site in Karelia; executed 9 January 1938.

 

Halme, Iivari Iisakovich born 1885, Finland; emigrated from Newberry, Michigan, in 1932; logger; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Hannula, Andrew Osvaldovich born 1913, Washington State; emigrated from the USA in 1932; electrician, Petrozavodsk power plant; executed 28 December 1937.

 

Hannula, Nikolai Matvejevich (Matti) born 1902, Finland; emigrated from Angora, Minnesota, in 1931; mechanic at sawmill; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Heikanen, Jaakko Matveevich (Matti) born 1895, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; tractor driver; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Heikkila, Artur Matveevich (Matti) born 1892, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; metal worker, Kolodozero logging center; executed 8 May 1938.

 

Heikkinen, Vaino Erikovich born 1908, Finland; emigrated from Phelps, Wisconsin, in 1931; logger; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Heino, Frank (Frans Luther) Ivanovich (Juho) born 1887, Finland; emigrated from Menagha, Minnesota; paper mill worker; executed 22 April 1938.

 

Helander, Yrjo Niilo Andreevich (Antti) born 1899, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; naturalized American citizen; construction mechanic; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Helin, Evert Stepanovich (Teppo) born 1888, Finland; emigrated from Chicago, Illinois, in 1932; carpenter; executed 28 December 1938.

 

Heimonen, Edvard Juho Abelevich born 1887, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; dock laborer; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Hendriksson, Stepan Stepanovich (Aleksanteri Akseli) born 1893, Finland; emigrated from Brooklyn, New York, in 1932; foreman at printing house; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Hendriksson, Juho Matveevich (Matti) born 1886, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; metal worker; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Henell, Benjamin Jakovlevich (Jaakko) born 1905, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; culture worker, Kiestinki house of culture; executed 9 January 1938.

 

Herrala, Erkki Antonovich born 1896, Finland; emigrated from Spencer, New York, in 1932; carpenter, Solomennoye power plant; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Hill, (Maki) Helen Oskarovna born 1917, Minnesota; emigrated from the USA in 1932; logging dispatcher; executed 22 April 1938.

 

Hill (Mäki), Oskar Henrikovich born 1888, Finland; emigrated from Minnesota in 1931; logger; executed 15 May 1938.

 

Hill, Otto Matveevich (Matti) born 1890, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1933; logger; executed 21 April 1938.

 

Hiltunen, Jaakko Ivanovich (Juho) born 1881, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1922 to Knosas fishing commune; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Honkanen, William Johannesvich born 1903, St. Petersburg, Russia; emigrated from the USA in 1932; logger and secretary of local Soviet Communist Party unit; executed 9 January 1938.

 

Huuki, Karl (Kalle) Karlovich born 1898, Finland; emigrated from Ohio in 1931; carpenter; executed 28 December 1938.

 

Huttunen, David Simovich born 1884, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1922; worker, Suontale brick factory; executed 21 April 1938.

 

Isaakson, Tuomas Tuomasovich born 1894, Rock Springs, Wyoming; emigrated from Canada in 1931; mechanic; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Jääskeläinen, Juho Davidovich born 1884, Finland; emigrated from Gardner, Massachusetts, in 1934; logger; executed 8 May 1938.

 

Jarvenpaa, Eero Matvejevich (Matti) born 1905, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; sawmill worker; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Jokela, Johan Erikovitsh born 1883, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; school carpenter; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Jormalainen, Alpo Heikkivich born 1910, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; post office driver; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Kaartinen, Eino Anttivich born 1912, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; logger; executed 21 April 1938.

 

Kaartinen, Mathew Alfredovich born 1907, Ironwood, Michigan; emigrated from the USA in 1931; mechanic; executed 28 December 1937.

 

Kaipainen, Johan Ivanovitsh (Juho) born 1887, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; deputy director of construction agency; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Kajander, Niilo Davidovich born 1901, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; logger; executed 22 April 1938.

 

Kallio, Arvid Valentinovich born 1888, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; logger; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Kallio, Julius Andreevich (Antti) born 1891, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; actor, Petrozavodsk national theater; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Kangas, Matti Erikovich born 1904, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; logger; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Karlson, Karl Augustovich born 1894, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; turner for Sunastroi; executed 8 May 1938.

 

Karlstedt, Viktor Maurivich born 1892, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; driver; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Kemppainen, Valdemar Ivanovich (Juho) born 1883, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; driver; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Ketola, Eino Vilhovich born 1891, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; carpenter in cooperative for the disabled; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Kivistö, Karl Ivanovich (Juho) born 1896, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; carpenter; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Koivu, Onni Aleksandrovich born 1914, USA; emigrated from the USA in 1931; tractor driver; executed January 20, 1938.

 

Koivulehto (Kinnunen), Otto Nikolaevich born 1894, Finland; emigrated from Aurora, Minnesota, in 1932; sawfitter, Santala tractor station; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Koivuluoma, Jaakko Ionovitsh (Johan, Joonas?) born 1897, Finland; emigrated from Maine in 1931; logger; executed 22 April 1938.

 

Korpi, Arvo Ivanovich (Juho) born 1892, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; driver; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Korpi, Jaakko Ionosovich (Joonas) born 1898, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; logger; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Korpi, Oskar Aleksandrovich born 1891, Finland; emigrated from Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1932; mechanic; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Kortes (Lähdeskorpi), Viktor Maurivich born 1892, Finland; emigrated from Michigan in 1931; driver, construction company; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Koskelainen, Aleksandr Ivanovich (Juho) born 1899, Finland; emigrated from Aberdeen, Washington, in 1928; foreman and mechanic; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Koski, Kalle Villevich born 1888, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1934; logger; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Kuusela, (Kakkonen)Antti Jakovlevich (Jaakko) born 1893, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; logger, Padozero-Vidany tractor station; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Laakso, Toivo Osipovich (Jooseppi) born 1892, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; factory worker; executed 21 April 1938.

 

Laakso, Uuno (Niva Einari) Ionovich (Joonas) born 1900, Finland; emigrated from Frederick, South Dakota, in 1931; member of the Soviet Communist Party (VKP/b) and taught Communist Party history at party school, Petrozavodsk; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Laine, Vilho Enoch Vilgemovitsh born 1901, Finland; emigrated from Pennsylvania in 1933; instructor at lumbering site; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Laitinen, Martti Alfredovich born 1902, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; painter at hospital; executed 9 January 1938.

 

Laukkanen, Antti Albinovich born 1891, Finland; emigrated from Rock, Michigan, in 1932; carpenter; executed 5 March 1938.

 

Lehto, Väinö born 1904, Finland; emigrated from Detroit, Michigan, in 1932; electrician at Solomennoye hydropower station; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Lehtola, Vaino Andreevich (Antti) born 1912, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; logger; executed 28 April 1938.

 

Leinonen, Vilho Matveevich (Matti) born 1891, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; sawmill worker; executed 11 January 1938.

 

Leivo, Hugo Germanovich (Herman) born 1888, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; road builder; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Levanen, Abel Aleksandrovich born 1883, Finland; emigrated from Hancock, Michigan, in 1931; metal worker, Kondopoga paper mill; executed 28 April 1938.

 

Lindkvist, Otto Gustavovich born 1887, Finland; emigrated from Massachusetts in 1931; worker, Uhtua machine and tractor station; executed 5 March 1938.

 

Lumio, Toivo Davidovich born 1886, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; painter for Karelstroi; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Luoma, Lauri Ludvig Mihailovich (Mikko) born 1895, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; foreman for Karelstroi; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Maki, Juho Matveevich (Matti) born 1879, Finland; emigrated from Pennsylvania in 1932; mechanic, Vilga machine station; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Maki, Walter Walterovich born 1907, Minnesota; emigrated from the USA in 1931; carpenter; executed 15 May 1938.

 

Maki, George (Yrjo) Karpovich born 1888, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1934; logger; executed 22 April 1938.

 

Makkonen, Karl Ivanovich (Juho) born 1899, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; logger; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Mantyla, Toivo Mihailovich (Mikko) born 1911, Finland; emigrated from Gardner, Massachusetts, in 1932; tractor driver, electrician; executed 8 May 1938.

 

Matson, Eino Walfredovich born 1909, Finland; emigrated from Queen Village, Illinois, in 1931; plumber; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Matson, Henry (Heikki) Henrikovich born 1891, Finland; emigrated from Massachusetts in 1932; metal worker, Central Repair Works; executed 8 May 1938.

 

Merilä, Leo (Leonard) Stepanovich (Teppo) born 1886, Finland; emigrated from Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1931; carpenter; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Moisio, Jaakko Ioganovich (Johannes) born 1877, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; carpenter; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Multimäki, Ivan Ivanovich (Johan Juhovich) born 1880, Finland; emigrated from Rhode Island in 1932; logger; executed 22 April 1938.

 

Myllari, Otto Karlovich born 1898, Finland; emigrated from Ohio in 1932; sawfitter; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Nahkala Juho Fedorovich (Heikki) born 1884, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; metal worker at a paper mill; executed 22 April 1938.

 

Nelson (Poukkula), Enoch Jakovlevich (Jaakko) born 1897, San Francisco, California; emigrated from the USA in 1921; member of the Soviet Communist Party (VKP/b); director of industrial enterprise, Uhtua; executed 5 March 1938. [Nelson had been active in the left wing of the American Socialist Party in 1919 and was one of the members of the founding generation of American communism.]

 

Niemi, Andrei Ioganovitsh (Antti Johannesovich) born 1886, Finland; emigrated from New York in 1931; carpenter, city hall, Petrozavodsk; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Nikander, Svante Gustavovich, Korila (Karila?) born 1882, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; logger, Vilga machine station; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Niva, Emil Nikodimusovich (Nikodemus) born 1882, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; carpenter; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Oinonen, Eino Ottovich born 1906, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; tinsmith; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Oja, Aleksi Viktorovich born 1892, Finland; emigrated from Minnesota in 1931; metal worker; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Oksanen-Porvali, Anna Mihailovna (Mikko) born 1897, Finland; emigrated from Gardner, Massachusetts, in 1932; housewife, Petrozavodsk; executed 21 April 1938.

 

Olkinuora, Armas Andreevich (Antti) born 1902, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; mechanic; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Paakkonen, Matti Petrovich (Pekka) born 1898, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1930; handicraft worker, Kustprommetal cooperative; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Paju, Emil Matveevich (Matti) born 1878, Finland; emigrated from Cleveland, Ohio, in 1931; stove/fireplace mason; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Paju, Viktor Emilevich born 1908, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; worker at ink-making shop; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Peltonen, Kaarlo Kaarlovich born 1886, Finland; emigrated from Astoria, Oregon, in 1930; blacksmith; executed 28 April 1938.

 

Pesonen, Feliks Emelianovitsh (Emil) born 1895, Finland; emigrated from New York in 1931; club manager, Lososina lumbering site; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Pietilä, Alfred Ivanovich born 1911, Washington State; emigrated from Aberdeen, Washington, in 1923 to “Sower” commune; then driver, Petrozavodsk; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Pyykkö, Mihail Matveevich (Mikko Mattivich) born 1884, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; carpenter; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Rantala, Toivo Isakovich born 1904, Finland; emigrated from Oregon in 1932; worker at Onega tractor factory; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Rantaniemi, Toivo Ivanovich (Juho) born 1906, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1934; carpenter; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Rautio, Antti Uunovich born 1909, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; driver, Vilga machine station; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Ruuskanen, Uuno Pavlovich (Paavo) born 1908, Finland; emigrated from Minnesota in 1931; driver; executed 9 January 1938.

 

Saarenpaa, Solomon Mihailovich (Mikko) born 1881, Finland; emigrated from Marshfield, Oregon, in 1932; mechanic; executed 9 January 1938.

 

Saastamoinen, Robert Robertovich born 1888, Finland; emigrated from Ishpeming, Michigan, in 1933; logger; executed 10 January 1938.

 

Salmi, Kalle Rihardovich born 1897, Finland; emigrated from Chicago, Illinois, in 1931; logger; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Salminen, Eino Gustavovich (Kustaa) born 1906, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; actor, Uhtua National Theater; executed 22 April 1938.

 

Salminen, Eino Karlovitsh born 1901, Finland; emigrated from Chicago, Illinois, in 1931; mechanic; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Salminen, Richard Nikolaevich born 1883, Finland; emigrated from New York in 1930; school janitor; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Salo, Simo Jegorovich (Yrjo) born 1890 Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; foreman for Karelstroi; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Salo, Yrjo Petrovich (Pekka) born 1898, Finland; emigrated from Ishpeming, Michigan, in 1932; carpenter, Vilga machine station; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Salonen, Toivo Gustavovich (Kustaa) born 1904, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; set painter at Uhtua National Theater; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Saviniemi, Elis Fedorovich (Heikki) born 1898, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; logger; executed 8 May 1938.

 

Silvan, Rafael Vainovich born 1916, New York; emigrated from the USA in 1933; mechanic, car repair shop; executed 5 March 1938.

 

Siren (Kari), John Ioganovich (Johan) born 1915, Duluth, Minnesota; emigrated from the USA in 1932; paper mill electrician; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Solkela, Severi (Seth) Yakovlevich (Jaakko) born 1902, Chassel, Michigan; emigrated from the USA in 1930; accordian player, Kiestenga club; executed 9 January 1938.

 

Tabell, Isaak Eino Isaakovich born 1904, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; borer, Samoilovich mine; executed 21 January 1938.

 

Tamminen, Toivo Fritovich (Frithof) born 1887, Finland; emigrated from the USA (or Canada, records unclear) in 1931; construction worker; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Tenhunen, Matti Petrovich (Pekka) born 1883, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; head of the Karelian Council of People’s Comissariats Labor Department; publishing house director; executed 28 December 1937.  [CPUSA Finish-American activist and former director of the Soviet Karelian Technical Aid Committee that organized the emigration of North American Finnish Communists to Soviet Karelia.]

 

Terhonen, Johan Martynovich (Martin) born 1903, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; auto mechanic, Lososina transport center; executed 11 February 1938.

 

Tolonen, Eino Venjaminovich (Benjamin) born 1888, Finland; emigrated from Detroit, Michigan, in 1931; mason; executed 28 April 1938.

 

Tuomainen, Aksel Juhovich born 1895, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; carpenter; executed 28 December 1937.

 

Tuominen, Yrjo (Georg) Viktorovitsh born 1896, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; director, railroad tie factory; executed 28 December 1937.

 

Tuominen, Väinö Fedorovich (Heikki) born 1904, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; driver; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Turunen, Toivo Ottovich born 1912, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; painter, city health department; Petrozavodsk; executed 20 January 1938.

 

Unkuri (Bergman), Iohan Nikolaevich born 1891, Finland; emigrated from Cleveland, Ohio, in 1930; mechanic and carpenter; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Uutela, Emil Matveevitsh (Matti) born 1890, Finland; emigrated from Clinton, Massachusetts, in 1932; blacksmith, Vilga machine station; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Vaananen, Kaarlo Ivanovich (Juho) born 1905, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1933; worker, Santala tractor station; executed 3 April 1938.

 

Vahakari, Oskar Hannesovich born 1900, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1931; logger, Vilga machine station; executed 28 December 1937.

 

Wallen, August Martynovich (Martti) born 1878, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1930; carpenter; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Viger, Gabriel Isaakovich born 1885, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; blacksmith, Vilga machine station; executed 10 February 1938.

 

Viitanen, Yrjo Karlovitch born 1899, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1932; logger, Santala tractor station; executed 6 March 1938.

 

Vuori, Jaakko Viktorovich born 1912, Barry, Vermont; emigrated from the USA in 1932; tractor driver, Avneporog; executed 9 January 1938.

 

Ylitalo, Jaakko Gustavovich (Kustaa) born 1898, Finland; emigrated from the USA in 1926 to “Sower” commune, Rostov oblast, from there to Karelia; stove mason, state farm N 2; executed 10 February 1938.

 

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